Mississippi

Gong Lum

vs

Rice

Following summer break, Martha Lum began her second year at Rosedale Consolidated School. After recess on the first day back, the superintendent said she’d have to leave because she was Chinese, not white. He told her to enroll at the school for “colored” children. Martha’s father, Gong Lum, sued the School Board, saying that with no public school established for Chinese children, not allowing Martha to attend the white school was discrimination. The Board argued that Martha was a "member of the Mongolian or yellow race" so she could not attend the school. The trial court ruled in favor of Gong Lum, but the Board appealed the case to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court held that Martha was of the "Mongolian or yellow race," and was therefore considered “colored” and could not be grouped with white children. Under the law, she was considered the same as Black children and had to attend the local “colored” public school or a private school. They ruled in favor of the Board and said their decision did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. [180 words]

Further Reading

Photograph

I found the photograph on another website. The quality wasn't great but it had this title: "Rosedale Chinese 1918 - 19. Back from left: Willie Wy Wong, Ben Wong, Kate Wong Lum, Gong Lum, Middle: Wong

Dai, Lum Jim Foon, Martha Lum, Oy Shung Fung, Susie Wong, Front: Mamie Wye, Berda Lum, Taylor Wy, Dan Wy, Alex Wong." I found the photograph with much higher quality (the link provided). Also the inital site said this was taken in 1918-1919, but the website where the high quality photo was found says 1920. (chineseamericanhistorian.blogspot.com)

Photograph

Title self-explanatory

Photograph

Photograph of Jeu Gong Lum's song, Biscoe Lum, in WWII

Photograph

Photograph of Earl Brewer, who was governor of Mississippi and an attorney for the plaintiffs